南方某工业区周边土壤和蔬菜中铅的健康风险评估   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

谭科艳  陈燕芳  汤奇峰  刘久臣  杨永亮 《地球学报》2012,33(5):801-806

在南方某城市工业区周边采集了蔬菜样品100个、土壤样品145个,分析了土壤和蔬菜中铅的含量水平,对其健康风险进行了评估;并通过计算富集系数筛选出抗铅污染能力较强的蔬菜品种。研究区土壤中铅累积明显,共有135个土壤样品中的铅含量超过了二级土壤环境质量标准。蔬菜样品中铅含量范围为1.41～303.10mg·kg-1,均超过食品中污染物限量标准,超标率达到100%。其中,叶类蔬菜的铅含量明显高于根茎类和瓜果类蔬菜;瓜果类蔬菜的铅富集系数最低,抗污染能力最强,而根茎类和叶类蔬菜对人群健康存在严重的健康风险。  相似文献   

堰塞湖溃坝控制和人工排险技术     

解家毕  丁留谦  张启义 《地质灾害与环境保护》2012,23(1):96-102

首先阐述堰塞湖溃坝控制与人工排险的内容、原则和方案.在此基础上分析堰塞湖应急处置中安全监测的原则和内容,以及泄流、渗流控制、滑动体加固等应急工程措施适用性.最后讨论冲切和坝体稳定泄流的工程设计与应急转移措施.  相似文献   

陕北黄土崩塌灾害风险评价指标体系构建     

唐亚明  薛强  毕俊擘  程秀娟 《地质通报》2012,31(6):979-988

在滑坡的易发性、危险性和风险评价中,评价指标的选取和定量化是非常关键的。目前国内外采取的主要方法是利用GIS工具提取地形、岩性、距河流或断层带的距离、土地类型、植被、降雨、河流密度等因子进行分析和计算。这些指标在滑坡易发性和危险性区划中得到了广泛应用并取得了丰硕的成果,但也有一些局限性,具体表现在3个方面:一是不能针对不同的滑坡类型提供不同的评价指标体系;二是提取的这些因子中在区域上有些是共性因子,如岩性、降雨等;三是尚未建立一个完整的风险评价指标体系。本次研究专门针对陕西北部地区广泛发育的一种称之为"黄土崩塌"的滑坡类型,运用国际上流行的滑坡风险管理理论,确定其风险评价总体指标体系;基于大量野外调查数据的统计规律,分析了黄土崩塌危险性的主要来源和影响危害性的主要因素,从失稳可能性评价指标、崩塌强度评价指标、承灾体评价指标和易损性评价指标4个方面共确定了16大类36个评价指标。该指标体系的构建可为进一步的陕北黄土地区斜坡单元崩塌灾害风险评价提供基础。  相似文献   

A less disastrous disaster: Managing response to climate-driven hazards in the Cayman Islands and NE Brazil     

Emma L. Tompkins  Maria Carmen Lemos  Emily Boyd 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(4):736

This paper explores the relationship between disaster risk reduction and long-term adaptive capacity building in two climate vulnerable areas—the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean and Ceará, in NE Brazil. Drawing on past applications of the disaster risk reduction framework, we identify four critical factors that have led to reductions in risk: flexible, learning-based, responsive governance; committed, reform-minded and politically active actors; disaster risk reduction integrated into other social and economic policy processes; and a long-term commitment to managing risk. We find that while the presence of these factors has reduced overall risk in both regions, in Ceará, disaster response as it is currently practiced, has fallen short of addressing the fundamental causes of vulnerability that leave those prone to hazards able to cope in the short term, yet enmeshed in poverty and at risk from the longer-term changes associated with climate change. Although calls for integration of disaster risk management with poverty eradication are not new, there has been insufficient attention paid in the literature on how to foster such integration. Based on the two case studies, we argue that the adoption of good governance mechanisms (such as stakeholder participation, access to knowledge, accountability and transparency) in disaster risk reduction policy may create the policy environment that is conducive to the kind of structural reform needed to build long-term adaptive capacity to climate-driven impacts. We conclude that without a synergistic two-tiered approach that includes both disaster risk reduction and structural reform, disaster risk reduction, in the face of climate changes, will prove to be an expensive and ineffective palliative treatment of changing risks.  相似文献   

Climate change or nuclear power—No thanks! A quantitative study of public perceptions and risk framing in Britain     

Nick F. Pidgeon  Irene Lorenzoni  Wouter Poortinga 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(1):69-85

The UK is witnessing a new line in political debate around new nuclear energy generation as one potential feature of future energy policy, specifically for contributing to climate change mitigation alongside energy security. Little is known about how ordinary citizens might be responding to this reframing. This paper reports the results from a major British survey (n=1491) undertaken in the autumn of 2005. The consistent message is that while higher proportions of the British public are prepared to accept nuclear power if they believe it contributes to climate change mitigation, this is a highly conditional view, with very few actively preferring this over renewable sources given the choice. People see both climate change and nuclear power as problematic in terms of risks and express only a ‘reluctant acceptance’ of nuclear power as a ‘solution’ to climate change. The combined data from this survey can also be interpreted as an indication of the complexity surrounding beliefs about energy futures and the difficulty of undertaking simplistic risk–risk tradeoffs within any single framing of the issues; such as nuclear energy versus climate change. The results also indicate that it would be unwise, in the UK as elsewhere, to simplistically assume that there exists any single or stable public ‘opinion’ on such complex matters. We conclude with a discussion of the role and implications of the survey evidence for the policy process.  相似文献   

卵砾石地层金刚石钻头的试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

周天盛  刘祖建 《探矿工程》2009,36(11):69-71

卵砾石地层钻进是钻探的难题之一,不仅钻进速度低,钻头的使用寿命短,而且钻探成本高。针对卵砾石地层钻进,开展了新型结构钻头的试验研究,研制成一种金刚石-聚晶体复合型钻头,现场试验表明,钻头的钻进速度能够≮1.8 m/h,使用寿命能够达到50 m,钻探成本较低。  相似文献   

盐岩地下储气库风险分级机制初探   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

贾超  张强勇  张宁  刘健  李术才  杨春和 《岩土力学》2009,30(12):3621-3626

能源储备是国家重大战略需求,目前国内已经开始大规模兴建盐岩能源地下储库群,由于国内的盐岩储库地层具有埋深浅、盐层薄、夹层多、品位低等特点,导致建库难度大、运行风险高,因此,开展盐岩地下油气储库风险分析研究具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。针对国内盐岩地下油气储库现状,在风险分析中引入功能设计理念,以体积收缩率作为储库运营期风险的单项分级指标,初步提出了地下油气储库运营风险分级机制的基本方法,以国内某盐岩地下储气库为例,通过流变计算获得不同储气内压变化条件下,储库风险随时间的变化规律,较好地验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。  相似文献   

管道地质灾害风险分级——以忠县-武汉输气管道为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王学平  孙晓滨  郝建斌  荆宏远  刘建平  邓清禄 《地质科技情报》2009,28(3)

结合输油气管道的特点,提出了一套管道地质灾害的风险分级方案。所提出的风险分级标准将体现地质灾害易发性作为风险分级的主体,考虑了管道作为核心承灾体的地质灾害危害性,并兼顾考虑周围环境的影响,且立足于野外地质灾害详细调查阶段,具有简便、快速、可操作性强的特点。以忠县—武汉输气管道地质灾害为例,进行了风险分级,并基于风险分级提出了整治规划。  相似文献   

Geochemical Atlas of Slovakia and examples of its applications to environmental problems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. Rapant  D. Bodiš  K. Vrana  V. Cvečková  J. Kordík  K. Krčmová  I. Slaninka 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(1):99-110

Results of comprehensive geochemical mapping and thematic studies of the Slovak territory (rocks, soils, stream sediments, groundwaters, biomass, and radioactivity) in the first half of the 1990s led to several new research programmes in Slovakia, within the frame of which new methodologies for geochemical data evaluation and map visualization were elaborated. This study describes the application and elaboration of data from the Geochemical Atlas of the Slovak Republic at national and regional levels. Based on the index of environmental risk (I_ER = ΣPEC/PNEC), the level of contamination for the geological component of the environment in Slovakia was evaluated. Approximately 10.5% of Slovakia’s territory was characterized as being environmentally disturbed to highly disturbed. In the areas where environmental loadings have accumulated, 14 regions where environmental risks existed due to high element concentrations were defined. The model calculations of health risk estimates based on the databases of the Geochemical Atlas for groundwater and soils indicate that the possible risk occurrence of carcinogenic diseases from groundwater arsenic contents is high in more than 10% of Slovakia, whereas the chronic risk is negligible. To determinate the background and threshold levels a combined statistical–geochemical approach was developed and applied as an example for groundwater at the national level as well as for single groundwater bodies. The results of statistical method application for the whole groundwater body (GBW) were compared with the background values for anthropogenically non-influenced areas in GBW. Final background value took into account time variations and spatial distribution of the element in GBW. Furthermore, based on the database from the Geochemical Atlas for groundwater, groundwater bodies potentially at qualitative risk were delineated for the whole of Slovakia. From a total of 101 groundwater bodies 17 were characterized as being at risk and 22 as being at possible risk.  相似文献   

From radon hazard to risk prediction-based on geological maps,soil gas and indoor measurements in Germany   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J. Kemski  R. Klingel  A. Siehl  M. Valdivia-Manchego 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(7):1269-1279

Mapped geological units can be regarded as proxies standing for a complex series of subsoil geochemical and physical properties including the assigned radon activity concentration in soil gas, which is taken as best estimator of the regional geogenic radon potential. Areal distribution of measuring sites for soil gas in Germany is adapted to spatial variation of geology. A grid-based and distance-weighted interpolation procedure is applied, following geologically defined neighbourhood relations of measuring sites and accounting for isolated outcrops of known geology but without measurements. To investigate the statistical relationship between indoor radon, house type and building ground specifications, measurements of the indoor radon concentration have been carried out in more than 10,000 dwellings in different regions of Germany. Multiple regression analyses of variance reveal that besides region-specific geological properties and building characteristics, various house type and living style variables significantly contribute to the explained variance for ground floor radon concentrations. These parameters are also dominant in controlling the radon transfer relation from soil gas to indoor air. Risk prediction maps for radon in houses indicating the probability to exceed certain indoor threshold values can be useful especially for regions with no or only a few measurements of indoor radon.  相似文献